Abstract: In order to overcome the weaknesses of observation and detection systems in tanks, such as inefficiency and inaccuracy, the design of the panoramic optical systems based on the distributed aperture concept was performed, whose principle is to implement the real-time collection of the panoramic image information covering 360space in utilizing four objectives of aperture greater than 90, integrate the collected four-path images into one path by the internal relay system, receive the image information by a CCD camera, provide the images spliced with the accurate and uniform panoramic images, estimate under ideal situation the parameters such as detection distance, recognition distance and blind spots, and then estimate the invalid detecting distance by the aid of ray tracing. Panoramic optical systems can realize the all-dimensional real-time observation and detection at the working distance of 57m～6.45km.