Abstract: Guided by the practical application requirements of military optoelectronic equipment, this paper systematically reviews the fundamental mechanisms and research progress of five core technology systems: two-dimensional metasurfaces, three-dimensional metamaterials, integrated photonic chips, micro-nano optical thin films, and surface plasmons. It comprehensively addresses five key military application scenarios, including battlefield multispectral reconnaissance, multispectral stealth, miniature precision guidance, optoelectronic countermeasures and directed energy warfare, as well as optoelectronic integration for individual soldiers and unmanned platforms.Drawing upon domestic and international prototype test data and authoritative research findings, this paper thoroughly examines five major technical bottlenecks currently hindering the military adoption of micro-nano optics: poor consistency in large-area batch fabrication, performance trade-offs in wide-spectrum and wide-angle modulation, insufficient stability under extreme battlefield conditions, significant challenges in multifunctional system integration, and the relatively high cost of engineering mass production.In view of future warfare trends—encompassing space-air-ground integrated operations, intelligent countermeasures, and precision penetration—this paper proposes five targeted development directions: the development of composite micro-nano materials, innovation in precision manufacturing processes, artificial intelligence-assisted design, on-chip photonic system integration, and the construction of a civil-military integrated industrial chain. Collectively, these efforts aim to provide systematic theoretical support and technical reference for the advancement of military micro-nano optoelectronic devices, equipment evolution, technological breakthroughs, and engineering applications.