Abstract: To address the challenge of real-time target locking for spinning missiles, a distributed strapdown laser seeker optical system was proposed. By adjusting the system layout and lens deflection angles, the independent fields of view (FOVs) corresponding to the four lens groups were coupled to form the system-level FOV. Through radiation calculation and geometric optical analysis, the lens parameters were determined and the optical path was designed, followed by optical simulation and performance evaluation of the lenses using Zemax and Tracepro. The target detection principle was elaborated, the target-reflected light spot was mapped to a dynamic target in the two-dimensional planar FOV, and hierarchical weighted potential field model with adaptive priority weights was established to resolve multi-constraint conflicts between missile attitude adjustment and optical detection. Additionally, reactive navigation mechanism for spinning missiles was proposed, which enforced the orthogonal redirection rule when the overlap area between the light spot and the FOV decreased. A priority-driven path planning algorithm was developed and validated via simulation in Matlab. Finally, the stability and accuracy of the system were verified through Monte Carlo simulations.